Draglines, the giant single-bucket excavators in existence today, are used mostly for the removal of overburden in large scale surface mines. Generally, draglines are more than 4000 tons in weight, with bucket sizes ...

Acid mine drainage (AMD) is one of the major problems in high sulfur coal mining areas generating acidic water. The acidic mine water generated contains hazardous elements in varying concentrations. The AMD is naturally ...

The increasing demand of energy for rapid industrialization and domestic needs are putting additional pressure on existing conventional energy sources. These are already producing more hazardous emissions into the ...

Grain refinement in a polycrystalline material to micron level is known for its beneficial effects of enhancing both strength and ductility. Severe plastic deformation (SPD) methods specially equal-channel angular pressing ...